Evaluating the results of treatments used in the management of Covid-19 patients
Keywords:
COVID-19 symptoms, Comorbidities, Treatment effect, Hospitalization time, Mortality rateAbstract
Background: One of the most significant global health crises is the Coronavirus 2019 infection, which results from the SARS-Cov-2 virus. Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 treatments in Baghdad-Iraq hospitals. Patients and methods: Between the 8th of April 2022 and the 19th of October 2023, 120 patients who were documented as medical records of SARS-CoV-2 were received at hospitals in Baghdad, Iraq. All demographic as well as clinical data for these patients, including laboratory examinations, were compiled and evaluated. Results: The age group of 41 to 50 years constituted 45% of the total number of patients. Males were found to have the highest rate, with 72 cases compared to 48 cases in females. The most prevalent diseases among the patients were hypertension (60 cases), diabetes (45 cases), chronic respiratory disease (35 cases), and cardiovascular disease (28 cases).
Additionally, 50 patients were found to be smokers. Additionally, the most prevalent symptoms observed in the patients were cough (90 cases), fever (48 cases), shortness of breath (36 cases), and sore throat (30 cases). The diagnostic techniques employed included polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests (45 cases) and antigen tests (4 cases). Antibody tests were performed on 20 patients, while chest X-rays were conducted on 51 patients. Treatments included Remdesivir (11 patients), corticosteroids (23 patients), and oxygen therapy with SpO2 monitoring (86 patients). Of the patients, 23 were classified as having mild COVID-19, 30 as moderate, and 29 as severe. The average length of hospital stay was 11 days, with six days or less for six patients, 9 to 15 days for 30 patients, and more than 15 days for 84 patients. Six patients died. A total of 30 cases were classified as severe, 29 as critical, and 38 as critical. The length of hospital stay was less than nine days in six cases, between nine and 15 days in 30 cases, and greater than 15 days in 84 cases. Six cases resulted in death. Conclusion: The study reveals that comorbidities increase the risk of severe COVID-19 symptoms and complications, leading to higher hospitalizations and mortality rates. Treatment effectiveness is crucial in preventing and reducing disease severity, but individual factors like age and health can affect effectiveness. Early detection and prompt medical intervention are essential for improved outcomes.
References
Drosten C., Günther S., Preiser W., Werf S.V.D., Brodt H.-R., Becker S., Rabenau H., Panning M., Kolesnikova L., Fouchier R.A.M., et al. Identification of a Novel Coronavirus in Patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 2003;348:1967–1976.
de Groot R.J., Baker S.C., Baric R.S., Brown C.S., Drosten C., Enjuanes L., Fouchier R.A.M., Galiano M., Gorbalenya A.E., Memish Z.A., et al. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): Announcement of the Coronavirus Study Group. J. Virol. 2013;87:7790–7792.
Huang C., Wang Y., Li X., Ren L., Zhao J., Hu Y., Zhang L., Fan G., Xu J., Gu X., et al. Clinical Features of Patients Infected with 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395:497–506.
Wang C., Horby P.W., Hayden F.G., Gao G.F. A Novel Coronavirus Outbreak of Global Health Concern. Lancet. 2020;395:470–473.
Le T.A.T., Vodden K., Wu J., Atiwesh G. Policy Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Vietnam. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021;18:559.
World Health Organization. COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update. World Health Organization; Geneva, Switzerland: 2022. pp. 1–33.
Wikipedia, Timeline of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Vietnam. [(accessed on 25 January 2023)]. Available online: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Vietnam
Mai D.T., Phan H., Hoang V.M., Nguyen T.D., Phan H.Q., Vuong X.T., Dao V.P. Treatment of Stroke Patients in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learnt from a Major Stroke Center in Vietnam. J. Glob. Health. 2021;11:03092.
Ministry of Health of Vietnam COVID-19 Information. [(accessed on 25 January 2023)];2023 Available online: https://ncov.moh.gov.vn/
Richardson S., Hirsch J.S., Narasimhan M., Crawford J.M., McGinn T., Davidson K.W. Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes among 5700 Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City Area. JAMA. 2020;323:2052–2059.
Kurihara C., Manerikar A., Querrey M., Felicelli C., Yeldandi A., Garza-Castillon R., Lung K., Kim S., Ho B., Tomic R., et al. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with COVID-19-Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Who Underwent Lung Transplant. JAMA. 2022;327:652–661.
Wang W., Xin C., Xiong Z., Yan X., Cai Y., Zhou K., Xie C., Zhang T., Wu X., Liu K., et al. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of 421 Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Treated in a Mobile Cabin Hospital. Chest. 2020;158:939–946.
Okogbenin S.A., Erameh C.O., Egbuta O.C., Iraoyah K.O., Onyebujoh J.T., Erohubie C.E., Jaggu A.Y., Onovo R., Avbuluimen M., Odewale M.A., et al. Clinical Characteristics, Treatment Modalities and Outcome of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients Treated at ThisDay Dome Isolation and Treatment Centre, Federal Capital Territory Abuja, Nigeria. Niger Postgrad Med. J. 2021;28:81–87. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
Thai P.Q., Toan D.T.T., Dinh T.S., Hoang T.H.V., Luu N.M., Hung L.X., Ngo V.T., Luu N.H., Duong H.L., Luong N.K., et al. Factors Associated with the Duration of Hospitalization among COVID-19 Patients in Vietnam: A Survival Analysis. Epidemiol. Infect. 2020;148:e114.
Ha B.T.T., Quang L.N., Mirzoev T., Tai N.T., Thai P.Q., Dinh P.C. Combating the COVID-19 Epidemic: Experiences from Vietnam. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020;17:3125.
Nguyen H.V., Hoang M.V., Dao A.T.M., Nguyen H.L., Nguyen T.V., Nguyen P.T., Khuong L.Q., Le P.M., Gilmour S. An Adaptive Model of Health System Organization and Responses Helped Vietnam to Successfully Halt the COVID-19 Pandemic: What Lessons Can Be Learned from a Resource-Constrained Country. Int. J. Health Plann. Mgmt. 2020;35:988–992.
Nguyen T.H.D., Vu D.C. Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic Upon Mental Health: Perspectives from Vietnam. Psychol. Trauma Theory Res. Pract. Policy. 2020;12:480–481.
Doan D.A., Ho H.H., Tran L.D., Nguyen P.L., Le A.T.L., Dinh D.X. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of University Students Regarding COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Study in Vietnam. BMC Public Health. 2022;22:2016.
Nguyen T.D.T., Kawai K., Nakakubo T. Capacity Assessment to Secure COVID-19 Waste Treatment in Vietnam. J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag. 2023;25:302–313.
Phan L.T., Nguyen T.V., Huynh L.K.T., Dao M.H., Vo T.A.N., Vu N.H.P., Pham H.T.T., Nguyen H.T., Nguyen T.T., Le H.Q., et al. Clinical Features, Isolation, and Complete Genome Sequence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 from the First Two Patients in Vietnam. J. Med. Virol. 2020;92:2209–2215.
Baloch S., Baloch M.A., Zheng T., Pei X. The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 2020;250:271–278.
Li J., Huang D.Q., Zou B., Yang H., Hui W.Z., Rui F., Yee N.T.S., Liu C., Nerurkar S.N., Kai J.C.Y., et al. Epidemiology of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes. J. Med. Virol. 2021;93:1449–1458.
Ministry of Health of Vietnam. 3416/QD-BYT: Guidance on Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Respiratory Infection Caused by New Strain of Corona Virus (2019-nCoV) Ministry of Health of Vietnam; Hanoi, Vietnam: 2021.
Moazzam M., Sajid M.I., Shahid H., Butt J., Bashir I., Jamshaid M., Shirazi A.N., Tiwari R.K. Understanding COVID-19: From Origin to Potential Therapeutics. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020;17:5904.
Ennezat P.V., Gottlieb R.L., Juneja K., Hill J.A. Outpatient Remdesivir to Prevent Progression to Severe COVID-19. N. Engl. J. Med. 2022;386:1094.
S Sav N.M., Türay S., Özde S., Öksüz S. Evaluation of Clinical Features and Treatment Results of Pediatric Patients with Pre-Diagnosis of COVID-19. Duzce Med. J. 2022;24:162–169.
Zhu B., Feng X., Jiang C., Mi S., Yang L., Zhao Z., Zhang Y., Zhang L. Correlation between white blood cell count at admission and mortality in COVID-19 Patients: A retrospective study. BMC Infect. Dis. 2021;21:574.
Surendra H., Elyazar I.R., Djaafara B.A., Ekawati L.L., Saraswati K., Adrian V., Widyastuti, Oktavia D., Salama N., Lina R.N., et al. Clinical characteristics and mortality associated with COVID-19 in Jakarta, Indonesia: A hospital-based retrospective cohort study. Lancet Reg. Heal. -West. Pac. 2021;9:100108.
Cao J., Tu W.-J., Cheng W., Yu L., Liu Y.-K., Hu X., Liu Q. Clinical Features and Short-Term Outcomes of 102 Patients with Corona Virus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71:748–755.
Li L.-Q., Huang T., Wang Y.-Q., Wang Z.-P., Liang Y., Huang T.-B., Zhang H.-Y., Sun W., Wang Y. COVID-19 Patients’ Clinical Characteristics, Discharge Rate, and Fatality Rate of Meta-Analysis. J. Med. Virol. 2020;92:577–583.
Zhang B., Zhou X., Qiu Y., Song Y., Feng F., Feng J., Song Q., Jia Q., Wang J. Clinical Characteristics of 82 cases of death from COVID-19. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0235458.
Xiong S., Liu L., Lin F., Shi J., Han L., Liu H., He L., Jiang Q., Wang Z., Fu W., et al. Clinical characteristics of 116 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: A single-centered, retrospective, observational Study. BMC Infect. Dis. 2020;20:787.
Ullrich F., Hanoun C., Turki A.T., Liebregts T., Breuckmann K., Alashkar F., Reinhardt H.C., von Tresckow B., von Tresckow J. Early report on the severity of COVID-19 in hematologic patients infected with the SARS-CoV2 omicron variant. Eur. J. Haematol. 2022;109:364–372.
Borst B.V.D., Peters J.B., Brink M., Schoon Y., Bleeker-Rovers C.P., Schers H., van Hees H.W.H., van Helvoort H., Boogaard M.V.D., Hoeven H.V.D., et al. Comprehensive Health Assessment 3 Months after Recovery from Acute Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Clin. Infect. Dis. 2021;73:E1089–E1098.
