Abstract:

Viral hepatitis and retroviral infections represent significant global public health challenges
due to their substantial morbidity and mortality. Hepatitis viruses, including hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E,
are primary causative agents of viral hepatitis, each with distinct modes of transmission,
pathogenesis, and clinical outcomes. Among these, hepatitis B and C viruses are particularly
associated with chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Retroviruses, such as the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), are characterized by their ability to integrate into the host genome,
leading to progressive immune system dysfunction and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Laboratory diagnostics play a pivotal role in the detection and management of these infections. For
viral hepatitis, diagnostic methods include serological testing for viral antigens and antibodies,
molecular assays for viral RNA or DNA, and liver function tests to assess disease severity. For
HIV/AIDS, diagnostic approaches encompass initial serological screening using enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assays (ELISA), confirmatory testing via Western blot or immunofluorescence, and
molecular techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for viral load monitoring. CD4+ T-cell
count and immune marker assessments are crucial for evaluating disease progression and guiding
therapeutic decisions. This abstract provides an overview of the causative agents of viral hepatitis
and retroviruses, with a specific emphasis on the diagnostic methodologies employed in the
laboratory diagnosis of HIV/AIDS. Early detection and accurate diagnosis are essential for
implementing timely treatment strategies, improving patient outcomes, and mitigating the global
burden of these infections