Current Concepts of Ovarian Morphology and Developmental Features in Women’s Reproductive Health

Women’s reproductive health is fundamentally determined by the structural and functional integrity of the ovaries, which serve as both endocrine glands and gametogenic organs. Contemporary research highlights the dynamic role of ovarian morphology in regulating reproductive capacity, hormonal balance, and overall female health. This article provides a comprehensive review of ovarian development from embryogenesis to menopause, with particular attention to the morphological characteristics that influence ovarian function. The study employs a literature review-based methodology to synthesize data from clinical, morphological, and molecular studies. Key findings indicate that disruptions in folliculogenesis, vascular supply, or hormonal regulation can lead to infertility, endocrine pathologies, and malignancies. Modern diagnostic tools, including histological, immunohistochemical, ultrasonographic, and genetic approaches, have enhanced our ability to detect ovarian abnormalities at earlier stages. Furthermore, current therapeutic strategies—ranging from hormonal regulation to assisted reproductive technologies—are under continuous refinement. The discussion emphasizes the importance of integrating morphological and clinical approaches in gynecology, while highlighting the gaps in current knowledge, especially concerning autoimmune mechanisms and ovarian aging. This review concludes that advancing our understanding of ovarian morphology and development is essential for improving diagnostic precision, developing targeted therapies, and ensuring women’s reproductive health across the lifespan.