Hyperthyroidism in Pregnant Women: Pathophysiology, Risks, Diagnosis, and Management
Keywords:
hyperthyroidism, pregnancy, Graves’ diseaseAbstract
Hyperthyroidism during pregnancy is a rare but clinically significant endocrine disorder associated with substantial maternal and fetal complications. The condition is commonly caused by Graves’ disease or excessive stimulation of the thyroid gland by human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in early gestation. Hormonal, immunological, and metabolic alterations in pregnancy influence thyroid hormone regulation, potentially exacerbating pre-existing hyperthyroidism or triggering new-onset disease. Uncontrolled maternal hyperthyroidism increases the risk of preeclampsia, miscarriage, preterm birth, fetal growth restriction, and neonatal thyroid dysfunction. This article reviews the pathophysiology, maternal and fetal risks, diagnostic approaches, and evidence-based management strategies for hyperthyroidism in pregnancy, emphasizing early detection, appropriate pharmacological interventions, and multidisciplinary monitoring to optimize maternal-fetal outcomes.
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