Pulmonary Manifestations of Autoimmune Diseases: Early Detection, Phenotypic Patterns, and Prognostic Determinants
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31149/ijimm.v4i3.2749Keywords:
Autoimmune Diseases, Pulmonary Involvement, Interstitial Lung Disease, Early Detection, Phenotypic Patterns, Diagnostic Strategies, Prognostic DeterminantsAbstract
Pulmonary involvement is a frequent and clinically significant manifestation of autoimmune diseases, substantially contributing to disease-related morbidity and mortality. Lung damage may develop at any stage of the disease course and often remains subclinical during early phases, leading to delayed diagnosis and unfavorable outcomes. This analytical review summarizes current evidence on pulmonary manifestations associated with autoimmune diseases, with a particular focus on early detection, phenotypic patterns, and prognostic determinants. Key pulmonary phenotypes include interstitial lung disease, airway involvement, pleural manifestations, and pulmonary vascular abnormalities. Advances in high-resolution imaging, pulmonary function testing, serological profiling, and multidisciplinary diagnostic strategies have improved recognition of autoimmune-related pulmonary involvement; however, diagnostic delays remain common. Prognosis is influenced by the extent and pattern of lung involvement, the presence of specific autoantibodies, the rate of functional decline, and associated complications such as pulmonary hypertension and progressive fibrosis. A phenotype-oriented and multidisciplinary approach is essential for timely diagnosis, risk stratification, and optimized management of patients with autoimmune diseases and pulmonary involvement.
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