Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System or Hypothalamic Pituitary System

The neurophysiology of alertness. Definition of Awakening. Physiological, somatic, autonomic and behavioral indicators of alertness. Levels of alertness, behavioral manifestations, electrophysiological expression. Characteristics of the activity of neurons in different brain structures in different functional and behavioral states. Morpho-functional organization of the waking state. Structure, afferent and efferent connections of the reticular formation (RF) of the medulla oblongata, midbrain and pons. Features of cell structure, convergent and divergent properties of RF trunk neurons. Areas of sensory and reticular activation of the cerebral cortex (CHC) in the cerebral cortex. Features of the topography of somatosensory, visual, auditory, nociceptive, proprioceptive impulses in different parts of the RF trunk. Mediator systems of the brain stem: cholinergic (midbrain tegmentum and pons), noradrenergic (locus coeruleus and lateral tegmental nucleus), serotonergic (raphe nuclei), dopaminergic (substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area and retrorubral area). Innervated structures, areas of efferent projections, main functions. Preparations "isolated brain" and "isolated forebrain". Effects of high-frequency and low-frequency RF stimulation of intact and anesthetized animals (works by G. Moruzzi and H. Magun) and at different levels of brainstem transection. Non-specific, activating, tonic effect on the cerebral cortex of the Russian Federation. Pons. RF bridge. Pretrigeminal and posttrigeminal drugs. The idea that RF integrity of the medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons is necessary to maintain alertness.