Biomechanical Evaluation of Occlusal Load Distribution in Fixed Partial Dentures

Fixed partial dentures (FPDs) are a primary prosthodontic solution for the rehabilitation of partially edentulous patients, providing functional and aesthetic restoration. The biomechanical behavior of FPDs under occlusal load is critical to long-term success, influencing framework stress, abutment stability, marginal adaptation, and surrounding bone integrity. This study investigates the occlusal load distribution in various fixed partial denture designs using clinical assessment and finite element analysis. Thirty patients received metal-ceramic and all-ceramic FPDs spanning two to three missing teeth. Clinical parameters, including occlusal contacts, abutment mobility, and framework integrity, were evaluated alongside three-dimensional finite element models simulating occlusal forces of 100–250 N. Results demonstrated that cantilevered extensions and long-span FPDs experienced higher stress at abutment connectors, whereas short-span FPDs with rigid frameworks showed uniform load distribution. All-ceramic FPDs exhibited greater stress at connector regions but maintained clinical stability. Findings highlight the importance of biomechanical considerations in FPD design, emphasizing framework material selection, connector dimension, and occlusal scheme optimization for predictable clinical outcomes.