Bladder Exstrophy: Etiology and Treatment

Abstract

Bladder exstrophy is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by protrusion of the urinary bladder through a defect in the lower abdominal wall. Its management is challenging and requires multi‑stage reconstructive surgery, long‑term follow‑up, and multidisciplinary care. In this article, we review the epidemiology, embryology, clinical features, surgical strategies, outcomes, and present a case of delayed presentation in adolescence.