Abstract:

This article provides an in-depth analysis of one of the most pressing and complex issues in modern neurology and clinical psychology—the fundamental neurophysiological foundations of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and structural alterations within the central nervous system. Over the past decade, the dynamic global increase in autism diagnoses has transformed the investigation of its etiopathogenesis into a priority scientific concern, extending beyond behavioral analysis to include the study of microscopic and macroscopic transformations in brain structure. The central focus of this paper is the biological mechanisms underlying information processing in the autistic brain, particularly the controversial balance between neuronal hyperconnectivity and hypoconnectivity. Specifically, excessive synaptic density within localized brain regions, combined with underdeveloped long-range neuronal pathways, is identified as a primary factor hindering the integration of cognitive and social functions.