Description of Parodont Diseases in Law Enforcement Officers
Keywords:
parodont disease, gingivitis, oral microbiota, red complex, law enforcement officers, culture identification, KPO indexAbstract
Parodont (periodontal) diseases are characterized by a wide range of clinical manifestations and frequent coexistence with other systemic conditions, making them a significant medical and social problem. This study aimed to describe the clinical, hygienic, and microbiological characteristics of parodont disease among law enforcement officers using clinical-dental, microbiological, and statistical methods. Subjective and objective dental examinations were carried out among personnel applying for treatment at the dental polyclinic of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and microbiological analysis of oral fluid and periodontal-pocket exudate was performed using standardized culture-based identification. The examined population comprised 122 patients (32 men aged 18–30, 56 men aged 31–44, 13 women aged 18–30, and 21 women aged 31–44) who met inclusion criteria and provided written consent. All patients (100% of cases) exhibited clinical-symptomatic complaints characteristic of gingivitis, and the KPO caries index averaged 17.94±0.23. Culture-based microbiological analysis identified pigment-forming periodontopathogens of the “red complex” — Porphyromonas gingivalis (65% of cases) and Tannerella forsythia (78% of cases) — alongside Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, and Candida species. Quantitative analysis confirmed elevated titers of cariogenic and periodontopathogenic microorganisms, including B. gingivalis (7.29±0.28 log CFU/ml) and S. epidermidis (6.6±0.37 log CFU/ml). These findings indicate a substantial microbiological basis for dysbiotic shifts underlying parodont inflammation in this occupational population and underscore the need for continuous monitoring and supportive periodontal care rather than one-time therapy alone.
References
1. S. Ceraulo, A. Barbarisi, G. Caccianiga, et al., “A possible correlation between periodontal disease and systemic diseases: A clinical study,” BMC Oral Health, vol. 26, art. 13, 2026.
2. P. M. Preshaw, A. L. Alba, D. Herrera, et al., “Periodontitis and diabetes: a two-way relationship,” Diabetologia, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 21–31, 2012.
3. T. Berglundh, G. Armitage, M. G. Araujo, et al., “Peri-implant diseases and conditions: Consensus report of workgroup 4 of the 2017 World Workshop,” J. Clin. Periodontol., vol. 45, no. S20, pp. S286–S291, 2018.
4. S. S. Socransky, A. D. Haffajee, M. A. Cugini, C. Smith, and R. L. Kent Jr., “Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque,” J. Clin. Periodontol., vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 134–144, 1998.
5. G. Hajishengallis, R. P. Darveau, and M. A. Curtis, “The keystone-pathogen hypothesis,” Nat. Rev. Microbiol., vol. 10, no. 10, pp. 717–725, 2012.
6. E. J. Kwak, H. Song, Y. Baek, et al., “Oral microbiome-based evaluation of periodontal treatment responses in individuals with special health care needs: a longitudinal study,” BMC Oral Health, vol. 26, art. 222, 2026.
7. S. Ramlogan, V. Raman, K. Abraham, and K. Pierre, “Self-reported stress, coping ability, mental status, and periodontal diseases among police recruits,” Clin. Exp. Dent. Res., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 117–123, 2020.
8. H. J. Shiau, “Periodontal disease in women and men,” Curr. Oral Health Rep., vol. 5, pp. 250–254, 2018.
9. J. Ainamo and I. Bay, “Problems and proposals for recording gingivitis and plaque,” Int. Dent. J., vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 229–235, 1975.
10. World Health Organization, Oral Health Surveys: Basic Methods, 5th ed. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press, 2013.
11. J. G. Holt, N. R. Krieg, P. H. A. Sneath, J. T. Staley, and S. T. Williams, Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed. Baltimore, MD, USA: Williams & Wilkins, 1994.
12. E. Slazhneva, E. Tikhomirova, V. Tsarev, L. Orekhova, E. Loboda, and V. Atrushkevich, “Candida species detection in patients with chronic periodontitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis,” Clin. Exp. Dent. Res., vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 1354–1375, 2022.
13. P. A. Ratcliff and P. W. Johnson, “The relationship between oral malodor, gingivitis, and periodontitis: A review,” J. Periodontol., vol. 70, no. 5, pp. 485–489, 1999.
14. M. Sanz, D. Herrera, M. Kebschull, et al., “Treatment of stage I–III periodontitis—The EFP S3 level clinical practice guideline,” J. Clin. Periodontol., vol. 47, no. S22, pp. 4–60, 2020.
15. C.-M. Radu, C. C. Radu, and D. C. Zaha, “Salivary and microbiome biomarkers in periodontitis: Advances in diagnosis and therapy—A narrative review,” Medicina, vol. 61, no. 10, art. 1818, 2025.
