Preparation of Extract of Atriplex Halimus Leaves Against Protoscolithic Activity as Well as Echinococcus Granulosus Protoscoleces
Keywords:
Echinococcus granulosus, Atriplex halimus, Phytochemical composition, Antioxidant activity, Scolicidal activityAbstract
Cystic echinococcosis, an endemic zoonosis in Algeria, is caused by the development of the helminth Echinococcus granulosus. Surgery remains the main treatment despite inducing relapse and several adverse reactions. In this context, natural scolicidal agents seem to be promising tools to overcome these reactions. In our study, we evaluated the phytochemical contents, antioxidant activity and scolicidal effect of Atriplex halimus. In this context, the aqueous extract from AH leaves (AHE) was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening by HPLC. The in vitro antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH test. The cytotoxicity of AHE was evaluated in murine peritoneal macrophages and cell viability was examined by MTT assay. Moreover, different concentra tions of AHE (20, 40, 50, 60 and 100 mg/ml) were tested on E. granulosus protoscoleces (PSC) cultures, during different times of incubation (15, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min). The viability was evaluated by eosin exclusion test. The morphological and ultrastructural damages were evaluated by SEM. Our results indicate that total phenolic and flavonoids contents were 37.93 μg of Gallic acid equivalent per mg of extract (GAE/mg E) and 18.86 μg of Quercetin equivalent per mg (QE/mg E) respectively. Furthermore, AHE has an antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 0.95 mg/ml. Interestingly, the extracts did not exhibit any cytotoxic effect against murine peritoneal macrophages. Moreover, our study indicated a significant scolicidal activity time- and dosedependent. At 60 and 100 mg/ml; and after 120 min of incubation; the mortality rate was 99.36 and 100%, respectively. The parasite’s tegument is one of the plant’s targets as demonstrated by SEM. Our findings show the benefits of Atriplex halimus extract as a new promising scolicidal tool in hydatid cyst treatment.
References
Albani, C.M., Pensel, P.E., Elissondo, N., Gambino, G., Elissondo, M.C., 2015. In vivo activity of Albendazole in combination with thymol against Echinococcus multilocularis. Vet. Parasitol. 212 (3–4), 193–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. vetpar.2015.06.030.
Ali, R., Khan, S., Khan, M., Adnan, M., Ali, I., Khan, T.A., et al., 2020. A systematic review of medicinal plants used against Echinococcus granulosus. PloS One 15 (10), e0240456. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0240456. Amri, M., Aissa, S.A., Belguendouz, H., Mezioug, D., Touil-Boukoffa, C., 2007. In vitro antihydatic action of IFN-γ is dependent on the nitric oxide pathway. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 27 (9), 781–788. https://doi.org/10.1089/jir.2007.0003. Amri, M., Mezioug, D., Touil-Boukoffa, C., 2009. Involvement of IL-10 and IL-4 in evasion strategies of Echinococcus granulosus to host immune response. Eur. Cytokine Netw. 20 (2), 63–68. https://doi.org/10.1684/ecn.2009.0154. Amri, M., Touil-Boukoffa, C., 2015. A protective effect of the laminated layer on Echinococcus granulosus survival dependent on upregulation of host arginase. Acta Trop. 149, 186–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.05.027. Amri, M., Touil-Boukoffa, C., 2016. In vitro anti-hydatic and immunomodulatory effects of ginger and [6]-gingerol. Asian Pac J Trop Med 9 (8), 749–756. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.apjtm.2016.06.013. Assolini, J.P., da Silva, T.P., da Silva Bortoleti, B.T., Gonçalves, M.D., TomiottoPellissier, F., Sahd, C.S., Pavanelli, W.R., 2020. 4-nitrochalcone exerts leishmanicidal effect on L. amazonensis promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes, and the 4- nitrochalcone encapsulation in beeswax copaiba oil nanoparticles reduces macrophages cytotoxicity. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 884, 173392. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173392. Atere, T.G., Akinloye, O.A., Ugbaja, R.N., Ojo, D.A., Dealtry, G., 2018. In vitro antioxidant capacity and free radical scavenging evaluation of standardized extract of Costus afer leaf. Food Science and Human Wellness 7 (4), 266–272. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.fshw.2018.09.004. Benarba, B., 2016. Medicinal plants used by traditional healers from South-West Algeria: an ethnobotanical study. J Intercult Ethnopharmacol 5 (4), 320–330. https://doi. org/10.5455/jice.20160814115725. Benhammou, N., Bekkara, F.A., et Panovska, T.K., 2009. Antioxidant activity of methanolic extracts and some bioactive compounds of Atriplex halimus. Compt. Rendus Chem. 12 (12), 1259–1266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crci.2009.02.004. Brunetti, E., Garcia, H.H., Junghanss, T., International Ce, P., Workshop in Lima, 2011. Cystic echinococcosis: chronic, complex, and still neglected. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5 (7), e1146. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001146. Clauser, M., Dall’Acqua, S., Loi, M.C., Innocenti, G., 2013. Phytochemical investigation on Atriplex halimus L. From sardinia. Nat. Prod. Res. 27 (20), 1940–1944. https:// doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2013.793684. Chan-Zapata, I., Canul-Canche, J., Fernandez-Martín, ´ K., Martín-Quintal, Z., TorresRomero, J.C., Lara-Riegos, J.C., Arana-Argaez, ´ V.E., 2018. Immunomodulatory effects of the methanolic extract from Pouteria campechiana leaves in macrophage functions. Food Agric. Immunol. 29 (1), 386–399. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 09540105.2017.1386163. Chikhi, I., Allali, H., Dib, M.E.A., Medjdoub, H., Tabti, B., 2014. Antidiabetic activity of aqueous leaf extract of Atriplex halimus L. (Chenopodiaceae) in streptozotocininduced diabetic rats. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Dis. 4, 181–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S2222-1808(14)60501-6. Vuitton, D.A., McManus, D.P., Rogan, M.T., Romig, T., Gottstein, B., Naidich, A., et al., 2020. International consensus on terminology to be used in the field of echinococcoses. Parasite 27, 41. https://doi.org/10.1051/parasite/2020024. Wen, H., Vuitton, L., Tuxun, T., et al., 2019. Echinococcosis: advances in the 21st century. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 32 (2) https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00075-18 e00075-18.
