The Problem of Pathogenic Resistance and the Relevance of Rational Antimicrobial Therapy in Medical Practice

Since they have prevented infectious diseases from killing millions of people, antibiotics are one of the most significant discoveries of the 20th century. Due to strong selection pressure brought on by the growing use and abuse of antibiotics throughout time, microbes have evolved acquired AMR to numerous medications. Human-to-human contact is the main way that AMR is acquired and spread both inside and outside of medical facilities. Through a variety of drug-resistance mechanisms, a vast array of interrelated healthcare and agricultural factors control the development of AMR. One of the main causes of AMR's introduction and spread has been the unchecked use of antibiotics in animal feed. Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are now more common than ever before, posing a latent pandemic threat to global public health and demanding immediate action. There are few treatment options for illnesses brought on by bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics, which leads to high morbidity and fatality rates and substantial financial costs. The need for new, innovative antimicrobials to treat illnesses caused by resistant microorganisms is far greater than the availability of these drugs. AMR can be immediately contained by surveillance and monitoring, reducing the use of antibiotics in food animals and over-the-counter medications, providing access to high-quality, reasonably priced medications, vaccinations, and diagnostics, and enforcing the law. If coordinated cooperation is not urgently needed within and across numerous national and international agencies, a postantibiotic period may become more likely than a 21st-century apocalypse. The causes and contributing factors to microbial resistance, as well as important tactics to counteract antimicrobial resistance, are highlighted in this narrative review.