Neuro-Oncology in Transition: Molecular Classification and Emerging Therapies for Brain Tumors
Keywords:
brain tumors, glioblastoma, IDH mutation, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, tumor-treating fields.Abstract
Brain tumors represent a diverse spectrum of neoplasms with distinct histopathological and molecular characteristics. The World Health Organization (WHO) 2021 classification integrates molecular parameters such as IDH mutation status, 1p/19q codeletion, and MGMT promoter methylation, redefining diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms. Glioblastoma remains the most aggressive primary brain tumor, with limited prognosis despite maximal safe resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Novel approaches, including targeted therapies, tumor-treating fields, immunotherapies, and liquid biopsies, are advancing the field of neuro-oncology. This review summarizes current knowledge on epidemiology, classification, clinical manifestations, diagnostic strategies, and modern treatment approaches.
