Synthetic Antibacterial Agents of Various Chemical Structures. Representatives of the New Generation of Cephalosporin Antibiotics
Keywords:
Siderophores, antibiotics, resistanceAbstract
Antibiotics are substances that inhibit the growth of bacteria without endangering the eukaryotic host that is afflicted. When it comes to treating diseased humans and animals, beta-lactams are one of the most important therapeutic drugs. To battle a variety of present and potential multi-resistant bacterial diseases, the pharmaceutical industry is being forced to look for new antibacterial medications due to the growing problem of antibiotic resistance. With an emphasis on semi-synthetic cephalosporins, we present an overview of the evolution, novelty, and present state of beta-lactam therapeutic uses in this study. A naturally occurring secondary metabolite of the filamentous fungus Acremonium chrysogenum, cephalosporin C (CPC) is essential to the synthesis of contemporary antibiotics as well as the creation of novel ones. Semi-synthetic cephalosporins that can manage infections with various resistance mechanisms are made using CPC as a core component. Thus, we provide an overview of the most recent information we have on the fungal host's regulation of the CPC biosynthesis pathway. Lastly, we outline how CPC is a major source of leads for the in vitro and, more importantly, in vivo synthesis of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA), which is the primary building block for the pharmaceutical synthesis of semi-synthetic cephalosporins, both present and future.
References
Bui T, Patel P, Preuss CV. Cephalosporins. [Updated 2024 Feb 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551517/
Lin X, Kück U. Cephalosporins as key lead generation beta-lactam antibiotics. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2022 Dec;106(24):8007-8020. doi: 10.1007/s00253-022-12272-8.
Bush K, Bradford PA (2016) Beta-lactams and beta-lactamase inhibitors: an overview. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 6(8). 10.1101/cshperspect.a025247
Rashidov S.Z., Rakhimboev S.D., Sanoev Z.I., Abdinazarov I.T., Khamroev T.T., Ismailova D.S., & Elmuradov B.J.. (2022). Study of psychoactive activity potassium salt 5-(o-aminophenyl)-1,3,4- oxadiazole-2-thion (D-361). International Journal of Medical Sciences And Clinical Research, 2(09), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.37547/ijmscr/Volume02Issue09-01
Sanoev Zafar Isomiddinovich, Rashidov Sokhib Zamon ugli, Raximboev Sukhrob Davlatyor ugli, Abdinazarov Ibrokhim Tuychievich, Khamroev Tolmas Tolibovich, Ismailova Dilnoza Safaralievna, & Elmuradov Burkhon Juraevich. (2022). Research of Anticonvulsant Activity of Compound 5- (P-Aminophenyl) - 1,3,4-Oxadiazole-2-Thion. Texas Journal of Medical Science, 13, 17–21. Retrieved from https://zienjournals.com/index.php/tjms/article/view/2434
Rakhimboev S.D., Sanoev Z.I., Rashidov S.Z., Abdinazarov I.T., Khamroev T.T., Ismailova D.S., & Elmuradov B.J.. (2022). Screening Study of the Anxiolytic Activity of New Triazole Compounds. Texas Journal of Medical Science, 13, 1–4.
Retrieved from https://zienjournals.com/index.php/tjms/article/view/2450
S.D. Rakhimboev, Z.I. Sanoev, T.T. Khamroev, S.Z. Rashidov, I.T. Abdinazarov, D.S. Ismailova, & B.J. Elmuradov. (2022). Screening study of neurotropic properties of new triazole derivative. Oriental Journal of Medicine and Pharmacology, 2(04), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.37547/supsci-ojmp-02-04-02
Саноев З.И., Ҳамроев Т.Т., Абдиназаров И.Т., Садиков А.З., Рахимбоев С.Д., Рашидов С.З. N–дезацетиллаппаконитин (N- ДАЛ) нинг тутқаноққа қарши фаоллигини ўрганиш. Oriental journal of medicine and pharmacology. Pages: ISSN: 2181-2799 Year 2022 29-37 DOI: https://doi.org/10.37547/supsci-ojmp-02-02-04.
Sanoev Z.I., Khamroev T.T., Abdinazarov I.T., Rakhimboev S.D., Rashidov S.Z., Evaluation of Anticonvulsant Activity of Allapinine and N-Deacetylappaconitine in Experimental Animals. Journal Healthcare Treatment Development(JHTD). Volume 01 issue 02 October - November 2021. http://journal.hmjournals.com/index.php/JHTD/article/view/1378
Т.Т.Ҳамроев, Н.М.Маматқулова, П.А.Нурмахмадова, С.З.Рашидов, И.Т.Абдиназаров, С.Д.Раҳимбоев, Н.Қ.Хидирова, У.М.Якубов. (2022). Adonis turkestanica ўсимлигининг экстракция жараёнида ҳосил бўлган қолдиқ моддаларнинг ўткир заҳарлилиги ва биологик фаоллигини скрининг тадқиқотларда ўрганиш. Eurasian journal of academic research, 2(12), 447–454. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7332870
Т.Т. Ҳамроев, Н.М. Маматқулова, З.И. Саноев, С.З. Рашидов, И.Т. Абдиназаров, П.А. Нурмахмадова, Н.Қ. Хидирова, У.М. Якубов. (2022). Adonis turkestanica ўсимлигининг экстракция жараёнида ҳосил бўлган қолдиқ моддаларнинг анксиолитик фаоллигини скрининг тадқиқотларда ўрганиш. Eurasian journal of medical and natural sciences, 2(12), 146–152. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7332882
R. S. Z. ugli, T. A. A. ugli, B. Y. I. ugli, S. K. K. qizi, & ugli , M. I. Z. (2024). Features of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and the Relevance of Creating New Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. American Journal of Bioscience and Clinical Integrity, 1(11), 130–135. Retrieved from https://biojournals.us/index.php/AJBCI/article/view/320
Zamon ugli, S. R., Yorqinzhon ugli, N. Z., Abdurazak ugli, K. M., Mirodil qizi, S. M., & Yusufzhon ugli, K. Y. (2024). Insufficient of Existing Drugs Used for Diabetes Ii Types and the Need to Improve Them. International Journal of Integrative and Modern Medicine, 2(11), 294–301. Retrieved from https://medicaljournals.eu/index.php/IJIMM/article/view/1219
Zamon ugli, S. R., Mekhriddin qizi, M. N., Zokirzhon qizi, K. S., Akmal qizi, D. R., & Sirozhiddin qizi, U. N. (2024). Important Aspects and Risk Factors for Hypertension in the Environment and Adverse Climate. International Journal of Integrative and Modern Medicine, 2(11), 302–307. Retrieved from https://medicaljournals.eu/index.php/IJIMM/article/view/1220
S. R. Z. ugli , , S. V. M qizi. Madiyorovna , K. A., ugli , E. A. I., & qizi, S. N. Q. (2024). In Patients with Gastroduodenal Peptic Ulcer Disease, an Analysis of the Immunological Properties of H.Pylori Infection. International Journal of Alternative and Contemporary Therapy, 2(11), 93–99. Retrieved from https://medicaljournals.eu/index.php/IJACT/article/view/1214
S. R. Z. ugli, S. S. S. , ugli, , D. U. O. qizi, , G. N. B. qizi, & , S. A. T. qizi (2024). Modern Methods of Diagnosis of Osteoporosis, Advances in Treatment and Solutions to Existing Problems. International Journal of Alternative and Contemporary Therapy, 2(11), 100–106. Retrieved from https://medicaljournals.eu/index.php/IJACT/article/view/1215
Elmurod qizi, D. K., Samandarovna, S. A., Dilshod qizi, K. N., Quyli ugli, U. T., & Zamon ugli, S. R. (2024). Relevance and prospects of the search for drugs with anxiolytic activity. International Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, 2(12), 27–33. Retrieved from https://medicaljournals.eu/index.php/IJCNP/article/view/1320
Bobomurod qizi, E. L., Obidzhon qizi, I. O., Dilshodzhon qizi, D. A., Akbar qizi, G. U., & Zamon ugli, S. R. (2024). The role, application and necessity of research in medical practice of drugs with psychostimulating activity.
International Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, 2(12), 20–26.
Retrieved from https://medicaljournals.eu/index.php/IJCNP/article/view/1319
Aslam B, Wang W, Arshad MI, Khurshid M, Muzammil S, Rasool MH, Nisar MA, Alvi RF, Aslam MA, Qamar MU, Salamat MKF, Baloch Z. Antibiotic resistance: a rundown of a global crisis. Infect Drug Resist. 2018;11:1645–1658. doi: 10.2147/IDR.S173867.
Kim J, Ahn J (2022) Emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant foodborne pathogens from farm to table. Food Sci Biotechnol:1–19. 10.1007/s10068-022-01157-1
Bui T, Preuss CV (2022) Cephalosporins. In: StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551517/
Selvan SR, Ganapathy D. Efficacy of fifth-generation cephalosporins against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-a review. Res J Pharm Technol. 2016;9(10):1815–1818. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2016.00369.3.
Groeger H, Pieper M, Koenig B, Bayer T, Schleich H. Industrial landmarks in the development of sustainable production processes for the beta-lactam antibiotic key intermediate 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) Sustain Chem Pharm. 2017;5:72–79.
doi: 10.1016/j.scp.2016.08.001.
Joshi, M.; Yadav, K.S.; Prabhakar, B. Quality by Design Approach for Development and Optimization of Rifampicin Loaded Bovine Serum Albumin Nanoparticles and Characterization. Curr. Drug Deliv. 2021, 18, 1338–1351.
