The Importance of Bacterial Intestinal Infections in Medical Practice and the Prospects of Modern Methods for Detecting Major Pathogenic Infections

The morbidity and death associated with public health are significantly impacted by bacterial infections. Bacterial infections continue to be a huge global economic and social burden despite great advancements in their prevention and treatment. Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species are the six highly virulent multidrug-resistant bacteria that the WHO identified as causing life-threatening illnesses. Together with Salmonella spp., Legionella spp., Escherichia coli, Campylobacter spp. (including C. jejuni and C. coli), Neisseria gonorrhoea, and Clostridium difficile, these microbes are the main contributors to nosocomial infections. In addition to ensuring that the right antibiotic therapy is started early, timely and precise diagnosis of these bacteria is crucial for stopping outbreaks and reducing the development of antibiotic resistance later on. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), a new approach that combines pathogen analysis in wastewater with community infection back-estimation, has enormous potential to enhance existing surveillance systems for infectious disease monitoring and outbreak early warning. However, wastewater presents significant obstacles to the analytical performance of molecular techniques because to its complex matrix. The literature on common pathogenic bacteria in wastewater, biomarker types, molecular techniques for bacterial analysis, and new developments in wastewater analysis were all compiled in this review. To offer guidance for future research, the benefits and drawbacks of various molecular techniques were assessed, and their potential in WBE was explored. To improve epidemiological surveillance of bacterial infections, it is also crucial to have constantly evolving molecular diagnostic tools. Our goal in this review is to go over the latest developments in the diagnosis of bacterial infections using molecular methods based on proteomic and genomic approaches. There is also discussion of the benefits and drawbacks of each of the methods taken into consideration.