Endogenic and Exogenic Causes of Anemia and Temporary Mechanisms of Treatment

Abstract

Anemia remains a prevalent and complex clinical condition affecting populations globally, with diverse origins and multifactorial causes. This article provides a detailed review of both endogenous (internal) and exogenous (external) causes of anemia, highlighting the physiological and pathological processes that lead to its development. Furthermore, the article explores temporary and initial treatment strategies aimed at stabilizing the patient, preventing further deterioration, and preparing for long-term care. Endogenic causes such as chronic diseases, bone marrow suppression, and genetic disorders are contrasted with exogenic factors including nutritional deficiencies, blood loss, infections, and drug-induced suppression. The temporary mechanisms of treatment—such as iron supplementation, transfusion therapy, and pharmacological support—are discussed in the context of clinical application and patient outcomes. Through a synthesis of current research and clinical guidelines, this paper aims to enhance the understanding of anemia's multifaceted nature and present a practical framework for early management. Anemia continues to be one of the most prevalent and persistent public health challenges worldwide, affecting billions of people across all age groups and socioeconomic levels. The multifaceted etiology of anemia includes internal biological dysfunctions as well as external environmental and behavioral triggers. A comprehensive understanding of how both endogenous mechanisms—such as hereditary blood disorders and chronic systemic conditions—and exogenous contributors—like nutritional deficits, infections, and drug toxicity—interact to cause anemia is crucial for devising effective strategies of diagnosis, intervention, and prevention. Clinicians frequently encounter patients with overlapping risk factors, making it essential to interpret anemia not merely as a hematological condition but as a systemic indicator of broader physiological imbalances. By exploring both categories of causation and their temporary therapeutic responses, we can better appreciate the complexity of this condition and move toward more holistic and individualized management approaches.