Modern Perceptions on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Face Pain Syndromes

Pain in the facial area (prosopalgia) is a complex, polyetiological, and clinically diverse group of pathological conditions, including nociceptive, neuropathic, and psychogenic forms. Among them, atypical facial pain occupies a special place, the pathogenesis of which is associated with the disruption of the central mechanisms of pain modulation and psycho-emotional disorders. The review presents modern data on the pathogenesis, classification, diagnosis, and treatment of various forms of facial pain, including odontogenic, myogenic, neuropathic, and psychogenic syndromes. Special attention was paid to the diagnostic difficulties in persistent idiopathic facial pain (PIFP) and the need for an interdisciplinary approach in therapy. Despite significant progress in the field of neurophysiology of pain, the pathogenetic mechanisms of this condition remain insufficiently studied, which necessitates further research aimed at identifying biomarker central sensitization and developing personalized treatment strategies.