Green Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nutmeg Extract, Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Microbial Study

Muthanna C Urabee; Mohammed I Sultan; Ahmed H Sadiq

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Muthanna C Urabee Quality Assurance & Performance Evaluation Department, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
Mohammed I Sultan Quality Assurance & Performance Evaluation Department, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
Ahmed H Sadiq Environmental Research Center, Technology University, Baghdad, Iraq

Vol. 3 No. 8 (2025): International Journal of Integrative and Modern Medicine

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August 15, 2025

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This study presents the green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) using nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The synthesis was optimized by varying reaction parameters including time, temperature, precursor concentration, extract-to-metal salt ratio, pH, and order of reagent addition. UV–Vis spectroscopy confirmed nanoparticle formation at λ_max = 365 nm, with optimal synthesis conditions determined to be 25 minutes at 30 °C, pH 9, and a 1:1 ratio of extract to iron chloride. The synthesized IONPs were characterized using FTIR, SEM, XRD, and Zeta potential analysis, revealing spherical nanoparticles of 45–53 nm, crystalline α-Fe₂O₃ structure, and moderate stability (zeta potential = −17.4 mV). Antioxidant activity assessed through DPPH assay showed strong radical scavenging by IONPs (85.98%) compared to nutmeg extract (79.08%) and standard Vitamin C (92.99%). Furthermore, antimicrobial tests indicated significant inhibitory effects of IONPs against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as Candida albicans. COX-2 enzyme inhibition assays demonstrated dose-dependent anti-inflammatory potential of both IONPs and nutmeg extract. These findings suggest that nutmeg-mediated IONPs exhibit promising biomedical applications due to their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties.

Urabee, M. C., Sultan, M. I., & Sadiq, A. H. (2025). Green Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nutmeg Extract, Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Microbial Study. International Journal of Integrative and Modern Medicine, 3(8), 62–78. Retrieved from https://medicaljournals.eu/index.php/IJIMM/article/view/2042

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International Journal of Integrative and Modern Medicine

Green Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Using Nutmeg Extract, Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Microbial Study

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