SPECIFIC FEATURES OF GENERAL ANESTHESIA IN PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR FAILURE
Keywords:
cardiovascular failure, heart failure, general anesthesiaAbstract
Cardiovascular failure significantly increases perioperative risk and represents a major challenge for anesthesiologists. General anesthesia can profoundly affect myocardial contractility, vascular tone, preload, and afterload, potentially leading to hemodynamic instability in patients with limited cardiac reserve. This article provides an in-depth, plagiarism-safe analysis of the specific features of general anesthesia in patients with cardiovascular failure, focusing on pathophysiology, preoperative evaluation, anesthetic management, fluid and ventilatory strategies, and postoperative care.
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