Features of Clinical Manifestations in Patients with Microvascular Angina

Research into the various mechanisms underlying coronary artery disease (CAD) has revealed a condition in which chest pain and signs of myocardial ischemia develop despite intact coronary arteries, a condition first described by H. Kemp in 1973 as "cardiac syndrome X. " In 1988, S. Epsten and R. O. Cannon introduced the term "microvascular angina," demonstrating that the disease is caused by changes in the heart's microvessels. This article presents various perspectives on microvascular angina (MVA), ranging from the onset of the disease, invasive and noninvasive diagnostic methods, to treatment and prevention.