THE GROWING THREAT OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE: MECHANISMS, CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND SOLUTIONS

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is a rapidly growing global health threat that jeopardizes public health, medical progress, and the global economy. This paper explores the mechanisms driving ABR, its contributing factors, its effects on human health, and global efforts to tackle the issue. The resistance phenomenon is primarily caused by genetic mutations, horizontal gene transfer, efflux pumps, and biofilm formation in bacteria. These processes enable bacteria to evade the effects of antibiotics, making infections harder to treat. Several factors contribute to the spread of ABR. The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in both healthcare and agriculture are critical drivers, as are poor infection control practices and the global movement of people and goods. These factors facilitate the rapid dissemination of resistant bacteria across countries and continents. The consequences of ABR are severe, resulting in prolonged hospital stays, higher mortality rates, and a significant economic burden due to increased healthcare costs and lost productivity. To combat ABR, strategies such as antimicrobial stewardship, the development of new antibiotics, and alternative therapies are essential. Moreover, an integrated approach is needed, encompassing global coordination, improved surveillance systems, and increased public awareness. By addressing these issues collaboratively, we can preserve the efficacy of antibiotics and safeguard their use for future generations.