Keywords
Tiocetam
liver cirrhosis
neuroprotection
ammonia toxicity
cognitive impairment
oxidative stress
thiotriazoline
piracetam
hepatoprotective therapy
How to Cite
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) remains one of the most severe neuropsychiatric complications of chronic liver disease, characterized by altered cognitive function, behavioral disturbances, and neuromotor dysfunction. The management of HE continues to be challenging, particularly in cases resistant to conventional therapies such as lactulose and rifaximin. In recent years, Tiocetam, a combination of thiotriazoline and piracetam, has gained attention for its potential neuroprotective and hepatoprotective properties. This literature review aims to summarize current evidence on the efficacy and mechanism of action of Tiocetam in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy.Analysis of available clinical and experimental studies demonstrates that Tiocetam exerts significant effects on cerebral metabolism, mitochondrial function, and antioxidant defense, improving cognitive performance and reducing ammonia-induced neurotoxicity. The drug’s dual action—enhancing neuronal recovery while supporting hepatic detoxification—makes it a promising adjunctive therapy in the management of HE. Further large-scale randomized controlled trials are required to establish standardized treatment protocols and confirm long-term outcomes.
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