Health Outcomes for Iraqi Patients to Know the Physical Ability Results of Fluoroscopy in the Diagnosis of Vesicoureteral Reflux Disease According to a Cross-Sectional Study in Iraq
Keywords:
Ultrasound, Diagnostic, FluoroscopyAbstract
The background to this study is that vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is defined as the retrograde urine flow from the urinary bladder to the upper urinary tract and is often genetic in nature. VUR can be asymptomatic or associated with severe nephropathy, and it is vital to diagnose and treat VUR early in order to protect the kidneys. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic performance of ultrasound and fluoroscopy in detecting vesicoureteral reflux disease (VUR). Methodology: A descriptive field and practical study was conducted to assess the difference in the accuracy of diagnostic performance between ultrasound and fluoroscopy in diagnosing VUR among patients in the Medical City Complex. A questionnaire survey was used to collect data from radiology reports for patients diagnosed with VUR. The survey contained data about age, sex, residence, family history of VUR, symptoms, UTI, U/S or VCUG, or both, the sensitivity of the contrast, diagnosis of VUR, and grade.
Results: With respect to age distribution, the data reveal that almost half of the population falls within the one-month to one-year age range (47%), followed by the one-year to five-year age range (47%), and a smaller percentage is less than one month old (6%) (see Figure 1). With regard to gender distribution, the majority are male (57%), while 43% are female. With respect to geographical distribution, a greater proportion of the population resides in urban areas (62%) compared to rural areas (38%).
Conclusion: A thorough examination of the data reveals several noteworthy conclusions. Primarily, the demographic profile of the participants indicates a predominant presence of infants and young children, with a slightly higher proportion in urban areas. The male population outnumbers the female population, and the majority of individuals have no significant family history.
References
Frimberger D, Mercado-Deane MG., SECTION ON UROLOGY. SECTION ON RADIOLOGY. Establishing a Standard Protocol for the Voiding Cystourethrography. Pediatrics. 2016 Nov;138 (5) [PubMed]
Elder JS. (2019). Vesicoureteral reflux. In: Kliegman RM, St Geme JW, Blum NJ, Shah SS, Tasker RC, Wilson KM, et al., editors. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 21st ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; p. 2683-2688.
Peters CA, Skoog SJ, Arant BS Jr, et al. (2010). Summary of the AUA guideline on management of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children. J Urol, 184 (3), 1134-1144
Hari P, Hari S, Sinha A, Kumar R, Kapil A, Pandey RM, Bagga A. Antibiotic prophylaxis in the management of vesicoureteric reflux: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Pediatr Nephrol. 2015 Mar;30 (3):479-86. [PubMed]
Lee LC, Lorenzo AJ, Koyle MA. The role of voiding cystourethrography in the investigation of children with urinary tract infections. Can Urol Assoc J. 2016 May-Jun;10 (5-6):210-214. [PMC free article] [PubMed]
Mane N, Sharma A, Patil A, Gadekar C, Andankar M, Pathak H. Comparison of contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography with voiding cystourethrography in pediatric vesicoureteral reflux. Turk J Urol. 2018 May;44 (3):261-267. [PMC free article]
Hwang DY, Dworschak GC, Kohl S, et al. (2018). Mutations in 12 known dominant disease-causing genes clarify many congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. Kidney Int, 94 (5), 808-819.
Majd M, Russo P, Geary D, et al. (2019). How and when should we diagnose, evaluate, and treat vesicoureteral reflux in children? Curr Opin Urol, 29 (4), 368-375.
Tekgül S, Riedmiller H, Hoebeke P, et al. (2018). EAU guidelines on vesicoureteral reflux in children. Eur Urol, 73 (4), 520-531.
Läckgren G, Wåhlin N, Sköldenberg E, et al. (2020). Long-term follow-up of children with dilating vesicoureteral reflux initially treated with endoscopic injection. J Urol, 203 (3), 615-623.
Olbing H, Smellie JM, Jodal U, et al. (2021). Renal histopathology in children with vesicoureteral reflux and renal scars. Pediatr Nephrol, 36 (1), 145-154.
Sjöström D, Herthelius M, Bajic D, et al. (2019). Expression of inflammation-related genes in the bladder wall of children with vesicoureteral reflux is related to patient age and grade of reflux. J Pediatr Urol, 15 (6), 667.e1-667.e7.
Wu Y, Li M, Yao X, et al. (2020). Hypermethylation of genes involved in vesicoureteral reflux and the epigenetic regulation in the developmental process of the human kidney. Ren Fail, 42 (1), 51-57.
Schoenmakers M, Scheerhoorn L, van den Hoek J, et al. (2018). Non-invasive imaging modalities assessing renal inflammatory processes in children with vesicoureteral reflux: A systematic review. Eur Urol Focus, 4 (3), 344-353.
Peters CA, Skoog SJ, Arant BS, et al. Summary of the AUA Guideline on Management of Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux in Children. The Journal of Urology. 2010; 184:1134–44. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
