Analysis of Spondylodiscitis as a Disease with a Literature Review on its Etiopathogenetic Status

Spondylodiscitis, an infectious condition involving intervertebral discs and adjacent vertebrae, presents distinct pathophysiological features in children and adults due to differences in vascular anatomy. In children, well-developed intraosseous vascular anastomoses prevent bone necrosis, localizing the infection to intervertebral discs. In adults, the avascular nature of intervertebral discs and the regression of vascular anastomoses contribute to extensive bone necrosis and infection spread, leading to vertebral endplate erosion, osteolysis, and spinal instability. The primary routes of infection include hematogenous spread from sources such as the genitourinary system, skin, and intravenous implants, as well as iatrogenic causes related to spinal surgeries and diagnostic procedures. Tuberculosis predominantly affects the thoracic spine and involves multiple segments, contrasting with purulent spondylodiscitis, which more frequently affects the lumbar region. Complications such as paravertebral abscesses, meningitis, and myelitis can arise, highlighting the need for early diagnosis and management. This study emphasizes the importance of understanding the etiopathogenesis and clinical presentations of spondylodiscitis to improve diagnostic accuracy and treatment strategies.