Pathogenetic Mechanisms of Alopecia in Women: Genetic, Hormonal, and Immune System Factors

Abstract

Alopecia in women is a multifactorial condition, influenced by genetic, hormonal, and immune factors. This article aims to explore the pathogenetic mechanisms behind female hair loss, focusing on the key contributors: genetic predispositions, hormonal imbalances, and immune system dysfunction. Despite extensive research, a clear understanding of the interactions between these factors remains a significant knowledge gap. The review synthesizes findings from genetic studies, hormonal analyses, and clinical data to identify the underlying mechanisms of hair follicle miniaturization and immune-mediated follicular damage. Methodologically, this study combines an extensive literature review and analysis of clinical cases, examining the impact of androgens, genetic mutations, and immune response. Findings reveal that androgenetic alopecia is primarily influenced by increased levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and genetic mutations in androgen receptor genes. In autoimmune-related alopecia areata, immune system dysregulation plays a critical role, targeting hair follicles. The results highlight the necessity of understanding the molecular signaling pathways involved, especially the interactions between genetics, hormones, and immunity. These insights could lead to more targeted and effective treatments for women suffering from hair loss. Future research should focus on elucidating the molecular mechanisms that govern these interactions, advancing personalized therapies that address the root causes of alopecia in women.