Factors Influencing the Development of Osteoarthritis: Evolution and Contemporary Scientific Perspectives (Literature Review)

This article provides a comprehensive overview of the historical origins and current medical perspectives on the risk factors (RFs) contributing to the development of osteoarthritis (OA). OA, which has a polymorphic etiology, is now recognized as a complex multifactorial disease. Key risk factors identified in studies include age, sex, hormonal status, genetic predisposition, acquired biomechanical impairments, excess body weight, trauma, occupational exposure, physical activity, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus—all of which, either independently or collectively, can exacerbate OA development. Special attention is given to modifiable RFs, as their identification and control play a vital role in primary prevention and slowing the chronic progression of OA. The article also thoroughly analyzes the influence of sex hormones—particularly in estrogen-rich conditions—the role of microtrauma in industrial workers, and the mechanical stress related to sports and occupational activity. It is noted that weight gain and increased activity of inflammatory mediators in adipose tissue can raise the risk of osteoarthritis by 2 to 3 times.