SLEEP DISORDERS, METABOLIC SYNDROME, AND COGNITIVE ABILITIES IN ADOLESCENTS: CLINICAL AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS

The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the relationships between sleep disorders, metabolic syndrome, and cognitive functions in adolescents. Epidemiological data indicate a steady increase in the prevalence of both sleep disorders and metabolic syndrome in the pediatric population, which is accompanied by a significant decrease in cognitive abilities and academic performance. The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these relationships are examined, including changes in neuroendocrine regulation, circadian rhythms, leptin and ghrelin levels, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. It has been demonstrated that insufficient duration and quality of sleep contribute to the development of components of metabolic syndrome, while metabolic disorders, in turn, exacerbate sleep disorders and negatively affect cognitive functions. Special attention is paid to critical periods of neuroplasticity in adolescence and the impact of these disorders on the formation of neural networks responsible for executive functions, working memory, and attention. Modern diagnostic criteria and therapeutic strategies based on an interdisciplinary approach are presented, including lifestyle modification, sleep hygiene, dietary recommendations, and psychological support. The necessity of early diagnosis and timely correction of sleep disorders and metabolic disorders in adolescents is emphasized to prevent long-term negative consequences for cognitive functioning and psychosocial adaptation.