ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN MODERN MEDICINE: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF BIOETHICS IN HEALTHCARE

Bioethics is an interdisciplinary field that addresses the ethical implications of advancements in biology, medicine, and technology. As medical science evolves, the ethical dilemmas surrounding these innovations have become increasingly complex, prompting the need for ongoing ethical scrutiny. This review delves into the major bioethical challenges facing modern healthcare, focusing on medical ethics, genetic research, research ethics, and public health. The article emphasizes core issues such as patient autonomy and physician authority, the ethics of genetic technologies like CRISPR, the responsibilities associated with clinical research, and the ethical questions raised by emerging technologies in medicine. In the realm of medical ethics, patient autonomy has become a central concern, particularly when balancing individual rights with physician recommendations. Additionally, informed consent remains a pivotal aspect of ensuring ethical medical practice. Genetic research and gene-editing technologies, such as CRISPR, have opened new frontiers in medicine but also raise questions about genetic privacy, designer babies, and the potential risks of unintended consequences. The ethics of human experimentation and the use of animals in research continue to spark debates about the boundaries of scientific inquiry and the protection of vulnerable populations. Public health ethics is also critically examined, particularly in the context of vaccination, health disparities, and global health challenges. The COVID-19 pandemic has brought these issues into sharp focus, highlighting the importance of ethical decision-making in times of crisis. The review concludes with policy recommendations aimed at ensuring that bioethical principles continue to guide healthcare and research practices, balancing innovation with responsibility to both individuals and society.