Congenital Diseases of the Abdominal Organs: Diagnosis and Surgical Tactics

Congenital diseases of the abdominal organs in children are one of the most pressing problems in pediatric surgery, resulting in high morbidity, mortality, and long-term complications. This review analyzes current data on the most clinically significant pathologies, including abdominal wall defects (gastroschisis, omphalocele), congenital forms of intestinal obstruction, and Hirschsprung's disease. The possibilities of prenatal and postnatal diagnosis are considered, including methods of ultrasound imaging, computed tomography, and contrast studies, as well as their role in early detection and risk stratification. Particular attention is paid to surgical tactics: from one-stage closure of defects to staged approaches and laparoscopic techniques, as well as the specifics of choosing an intervention for rare anomalies and Hirschsprung's disease. Factors determining an unfavorable prognosis are highlighted, including delayed surgery, severity of the initial condition, and concomitant pathologies. Modern prognostic models and their significance for individualized treatment are analyzed. The conclusion emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary approach, adaptation of strategies to the conditions of specific healthcare systems, and the introduction of minimally invasive technologies, which opens up new prospects for increasing survival and improving the quality of life of patients.