The Impact of Atmospheric Fog on Health: From Physical Properties to Physiological Reactions

Atmospheric fog is a complex meteorological phenomenon that significantly affects human health through the interplay of physical, chemical, and physiological factors. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of fog’s impact on respiratory, cardiovascular, and cognitive systems. The physical properties of fog, including droplet size (1–10 µm), concentration, and humidity, as well as the chemical composition—often containing pollutants such as PM2.5, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and heavy metals—determine its toxicological potential. Epidemiological and physiological studies indicate that dense fog can exacerbate chronic respiratory conditions, reduce lung function, increase cardiovascular stress, and impair cognitive performance. Vulnerable populations, including children, the elderly, and individuals with chronic diseases, are particularly at risk. Preventive measures, air quality monitoring, and public awareness strategies are essential to mitigate adverse health effects. The findings highlight the need for integrated environmental and health management to protect public health during fog events.